TYPE ONE DIABETES (T1DM)















  • Reference [30,31]
Lifetime risk of T1DM for a person with an affected family member
Lifetime risk in the general population is 0.4%
Relative with T1DM Lifetime risk for patient
Identical twin > 70%
Both parents 10 - 25%
Father 6 - 9%
Sibling 6 - 7%
Mother 1 - 4%
















  • Reference [28]
T1DM Stages
Stage 1
  • Characteristics
    • Autoimmunity
    • Normoglycemia
    • Presymptomatic
  • Diagnostic criteria
Stage 2
  • Characteristics
    • Autoimmunity
    • Dysglycemia
    • Presymptomatic
  • Diagnostic criteria
    • Islet autoantibodies (usually multiple)
    • Any of the following:
      • Fasting glucose: 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L)
      • 2-hr OGTT: 140–199 mg/dL (7.8–11.0 mmol/L)
      • A1C: 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol) or ≥ 10% increase in A1C
Stage 3