MEDICAL STUDIES

















illustration of a network mate-analysis



































































































Surrogate endpoint Related significant clinical outcome
Cholesterol levels heart attack, stroke, mortality
blood pressure heart attack, stroke, mortality
carotid intima thickness heart attack and stroke
Hemoglobin A1C level diabetes complications




Reference [1]
p-value Significance
< 0.001 Very highly significant
0.001 to <0.01 Highly significant
0.01 to <0.05 Significant
0.05 to 0.10 Trend toward significance
> 0.10 Nonsignificant





















































illustration of covariates and confounders and how they are related to outcomes and exposures

illustration of covariates and confounders and how they are related to outcomes and exposures